One of the really interesting things about hemoglobin is how it reflects and absorbs light. For example, Hb absorbs more (and reflects less) visible red light. HbO2 absorbs more (and reflects less) infrared light. Since blood oxygen saturation can be determined by comparing the values of Hb and HbO2, one method for doing this is shining both a red LED and an infrared LED through a body part (such as a finger or wrist), and then comparing their relative intensities.

There are two common methods of doing this: (1) measuring the light transmitted through tissue is called transmissive oximetry, and (2) measuring the light reflected by tissue is called reflectance oximetry.

Many designers, instead of trying to handle the complexity of developing their own wireless systems for their Internet of Everything products, are instead choosing to use pre-certified fully integrated Wi-Fi connectivity solutions. Created specifically to help designers meet these new challenges, these embedded modules and software provide a cost-effective way for Internet of Everything product makers to get their products to market more quickly with less cost and less risk.

To succeed in this new IoT world, the question isn?t simply, ?How do we design a wireless product?? but more appropriately, ?How do we successfully get our wireless product to market??

Literally thousands of established companies that have never had to consider Federal Communications Commission (FCC) certification and compliance testing for a product that contains an ?intentional radiator? will now have to account for this additional requirement in their product development process to gain market entry.

Since Arduino boards have become something of a de facto standard for maker and DIY projects, many other boards have adapted their systems to be programmed within the Arduino IDE. One of the most interesting modules out there is the ESP8266, and I finally decided to jump on this bandwagon with a WeMos D1 Mini board. This amazing board isn?t much bigger than a quarter and includes 11 digital I/O pins as well as a single analog pin, all for a price well under $5.

Memory subsystems needn?t require a significant learning curve.

The complexity of today?s embedded systems and the accompanying memory subsystems can sometimes have a learning curve for the novice engineer. Memory comprises hardware components that operate as either temporary (volatile) or persistent (non-volatile) storage ?containers.? These magical nuggets of electrically-charged circuitry store states of information and are used for instructions (binary code) and organize data as addressable bytes (8 bits), double-bytes (16 bits), and quad-bytes (32 bits).

In combination with the embedded operating system (OS) that controls the resources like memory subsystems, software instructs the processor (CPU) to send a burst of electricity along an address line that identifies a transition?s location in the chip where data is stored. This pulse can turn on or off a transistor connected to data lines. When the electrical pulse reaches an address line, the pulse flows through a closed transistor and charges a capacitor that stores the equivalent of a 1 (on) bit and, conversely, an uncharged capacitor represents a 0 (off) bit.

Acquiring accurate DC measurements is a common need across many applications, but simply purchasing a highly accurate and sensitive instrument is not enough. This guide shows you how to use a source measure unit (SMU) to perform DC measurements by reviewing instrument fundamentals, how to use SMUs, and examining the features that can help you set up your instrument.

Adoption of smart connected lighting is gaining traction in residential, commercial and industrial markets. However, enabling smart connectivity in a cost-effective way creates many design and implementation challenges for lighting OEMs. Download this whitepaper to learn more about the hardware and software technologies that can help simplify your connected lighting application development.

In a competitive market, it is important to find a differentiator for your products, and often a competitive advantage is sought through adding smart features and connecting products to business networks or the internet. However, as new features and connections are added, the security of such systems is often degraded.