In the ever-evolving world of computer architecture, optimizing data transfer is crucial for maintaining system performance. Direct Memory Access (DMA) controllers provide a powerful solution, enabling high-speed data movement between peripherals and memory without constant CPU involvement. However, a critical decision arises when configuring DMA transfers: choosing the flow sequence for the transfer.

In modern computing environments, efficient data transfer between hardware devices and system memory is crucial for optimal performance. Two key technologies utilized to facilitate this data movement are the Input-Output Memory Management Unit (IOMMU) and Direct Memory Access (DMA).

The world of programming thrives on a concept called abstraction. Different programming languages offer varying levels of abstraction, essentially acting as intermediaries between the programmer and the raw hardware